書き換え可能なゲートアレイを用いた無作為抽出法に基づく実時間画像処理に関する研究

長崎大学学位論文 学位記番号:博(工)甲第53号 学位授与年月日:平成30年3月20日Nagasaki University (長崎大学)課程博

panel data analysis in ASEAN countries

Thesis(Master) -- KDI School: Master of Public Policy, 2020This study investigated the correlation between domestic government health expenditure (DGHE) and the rate of infant deaths among ten ASEAN member countries within 6 years period (2010-2016). The required data was collected from World Development Indicators (WDI) and random effects and fixed effects model were used to run regression analysis. Infant mortality rate was considered as outcome variable and domestic government health expenditure as predictor variable. In fact, private health expenditure, external health expenditure, urban population, immunization, GDP per capita and access to basic sanitation facilities were assumed as control variables in the model. The regression results revealed that domestic government health expenditure was negatively correlated with infant mortality rate at 5% significance level. Although private health expenditure and external health expenditure were negatively correlated with the rate of infant mortality, their relationship was not significant. Moreover, other control variables were also negatively associated with infant mortality rate in ASEAN countries. The findings suggest that, in the developing countries like Myanmar, the government should increase government health expenditure to promote better health outcomes such as reducing infant mortality rate through performing the correct allocation and good management of public health funds and it is worthy to consider on investing and providing more for the improvement of immunization programme and sanitation facilities to reduce infant mortality rates.I. Introduction II. Literature Review III. Methodology IV. Findings and Discussion V. Conclusion and Policy RecommendationmasterpublishedThu Thu Thein

Relationship Between Serum Testosterone, Leptin,Interleukin-6 (il-6) Level and Insulin Sensitivity in Non-obese and Obese Male Subjects in Magway Region, Myanmar

Objective: To determine the relationship between insulin resistance and related variables (serum testosterone, interleukin (IL-6) and leptin level) in obese and non-obese healthy subjects. Methods: Community-based crosssectional, analytic study was undertaken in 60 subjects for each obese group (BMI ≥ 30.0 kg/m2) and non-obese group (BMI 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m2) (age;18-45 years) residing in Magway Township from December 2016 to December 2017. Serum insulin, testosterone, IL-6 and leptin levels were measured by enzyme linked immunoassay, and serum fasting glucose was measured by glucose oxidase method. Insulin sensitivity was calculated by HOMA formula (Homeostatic Model Assessment). Results:HOMA-IR, serum leptin and IL-6 level were significantly higher in obese group while serum testosterone level was significantly lower in obese group. There was a significantly correlation between HOMA-IR with leptin (r=0.306, p=0.001), IL-6 (r=0.237, p=0.009) and testosterone (r=-0.209,p=0.02). Moreover, serum leptin was significantly and positively correlated with IL-6 (r=0.391, p<0.001) while serum testosterone was significantly and negatively correlated with leptin (r=-0.408, p<0.001), and IL-6 (r=-0.34, p<0.001).Conclusions:Obese men are more likely to have low testosterone, high inflammatory markers leptin and Il-6, which were associated with decreased insulin sensitivity.

ICT skills and challenges faced by high school teachers of Inle Lake located in the Nyaungshwe township of Shan State in Myanmar

In western Shan State of Myanmar, there is a picturesque lake, famous for its floating villages and gardens and the unique way of life of the local Intha people, with their living communities based entirely on the water. The present survey research was aimed at identifying the ICT facilities, skills, usage, and the problems faced by the high school teachers of basic education while using ICT. The population of the study comprised the teachers of 17 Inle villages. Instrument was developed by the first author. About 102 state high school teachers were selected from three government high schools. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. The findings revealed that only some of the teachers have computers and Internet facilities at home and school. They are expert at simple skills like searching and browsing internet, social networking,  and MS word but are less skilled or poor on other skills like using MS access,  discussion forums/blogs and Windows file management. Teachers spend more time on computers for academic and other purposes than for recreational purpose. They believe that the use of ICT supports their learning, lack of technical support at home and at school, load shedding at home and at school and signal problem in Internet at home and are the problems faced by most of the teachers. Thus, the government high schools should invest more on improving the infrastructure to address the ICT related problems of teachers at the schools

Migration in Southern Shan State: Characteristics and Outcome

Migration is a common phenomenon in southern Shan. Nearly one in three households (31%) have a household member who has ever migrated. At the time of the survey, 14% of households had a migrant and 7% of individuals of working age were migrating. However, southern Shan has developed as a migrant sending area less rapidly than other areas of the country. Migrant flows began to increase rapidly from 2009. Six times more individuals migrated for the first time in 2017 than in 2009 International migrants outnumber domestic migrants, but domestic migration is growing more rapidly. Sixty-five percent of current migrants are currently working internationally, as compared to 35% working domestically. However, in every year from 2013 onwards, the number of first-time migrants to domestic destinations exceeded the number of first-time international migrants, indicating that opportunities for migration within Myanmar have increased in recent years Thailand and Shan State are the most common destinations for migrants from southern Shan. Eighty-eight percent of current international migrants work in Thailand. Surprisingly, the majority of domestic migration takes place within Shan state, where 62% of domestic migrants are based. The vast majority of migration is to urban areas. Domestic migrants work in roughly equal numbers in state/region capitals (38%) and other urban areas (41%), indicating that secondary and tertiary cities are providing significant opportunities for migration. Women and men migrate in roughly equal numbers. Women account for 46% of migrants, men 54%. This ratio varies little between international and domestic migrants Propensity to migrate varies with ethnicity, but is not closely related to landholding status. Individuals of mixed and Shan ethnicity are most likely to migrate (22% and 13% of working age individuals of these ethnicities migrated). Households are equally likely to have a migrant, irrespective of how much land they own. About half of current international migrants borrowed to cover the cost of their migration. Only 11% of domestic migrants borrowed to migrate. The average cost of migration was at MMK 549,327 ($365) and MMK 25,321 ($17) for international and domestic migrants, respectively. Average amounts borrowed to support migration are of a similar order. Migrant earnings are typically sufficient for migration costs to be recouped quite rapidly. International migrants earn more than twice as much as domestic migrants on average. Reported monthly salaries averaged MMK 458,000 ($305) and MMK 175,000 ($115), for international and domestic migrants, respectively Well over half of migrants send remittances. Fifty-eight percent of migrants were reported to have sent remittances in the past 12 months. Most remittances are spent on day-to-day living costs. More than half (52%) of respondents reported that the primary use of remittances was to cover the cost of day-to-day living expenses. Everyday necessities such as medical expenses, debt repayment, education costs and farm operating costs are among the most important uses of remittances after outlay for daily living expenses. This suggests that by migrating from rural areas (‘stepping out’), remittance-sending migrants provide vital v support that enables remaining household members to get by (‘hanging in’), but are less frequently able support household investments on a scale that allows for upgrading or expansion of productive activities (‘stepping up’). The average duration of migration is quite short. Eighty percent of domestic migrants who returned to their place of origin migrated for two years or less. International return migrants spent more time away from home than domestic migrants (an average of four years, versus one year), but almost half migrated for one year or less (19% less than one year and 30% around one year). Reasons for return migration reflect the precarious nature of much migrant work. Poor working conditions, loss or lack of work, poor health, and lack of legal status together account for 43% of decisions to return from migration. Together, these results suggest that the experience of migrating is often difficult and characterized by a high degree of precarity and vulnerability. Most return migrants migrated only once, and have no intention to migrate again. Eighty-one percent of international and 69% of domestic return migrants had migrated on only one occasion, and more than 70% of return migrants did not expect to migrate again, with 14% undecided and 14% expressing the intention to migrate again Implications for policy and programming: Domestic migration is growing more rapidly that international migration. Domestic migration is cheaper, less risky, and is associated with higher levels of skills acquisition than international migration. Moreover, value created by domestic migrants remains in country, creating economic spillovers. A policy environment that stimulates the growth of businesses, combined with skills training for domestic migrants, can also help to ensure that more of the benefits of migration remain in Myanmar. The impact of migration on rural labor markets in Shan appears to have been smaller than expected to date. Most migrants migrate only once, the average duration of migration is quite short, and most migrants return to farming when they come home. This may reflect high levels of access to agricultural land in southern Shan, relative to other areas of the country. …Nevertheless, the rural labor market in southern Shan is likely to tighten if migration continues to intensify. This will result in rising agricultural wages, and the need for further mechanization in agriculture to offset increased costs and ensure timeliness. Financial services designed to meet migrants’ needs could reduce the need to borrow informally, reducing the risk of becoming trapped in exploitative labor arrangements. Expanded provision of public health care, social safety nets, and cheaper schooling can free up more remittance income to be saved or used in productive investment by lessening the impact of shocks and reducing the burden of every day expenses. Although men and women migrate in roughly equal numbers, the burden of unpaid work caring for children left behind falls mainly on non-migrant women

Long-term clinical, immunological and virological outcomes of patients on antiretroviral therapy in southern Myanmar

<div><p>Objective</p><p>To study the long-term clinical, immunological and virological outcomes among people living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Myanmar.</p><p>Methods</p><p>A retrospective analysis of people on ART for >9 years followed by a cross-sectional survey among the patients in this group who remained on ART at the time of the survey. Routinely collected medical data established the baseline clinical and demographic characteristics for adult patients initiating ART between 2004 and 2006. Patients remaining on ART between March-August 2015 were invited to participate in a survey assessing clinical, virological, immunological, and biochemical characteristics.</p><p>Results</p><p>Of 615 patients included in the retrospective analysis, 35 (6%) were lost-to-follow-up, 9 (1%) were transferred, 153 died (25%) and 418 (68%) remained active in care. Among deaths, 48 (31.4%) occurred within 3 months of ART initiation, and 81 (52.9%) within 12 months, 90.1% (n = 73) of which were initially classified as stage 3/4. Of 385 patients included in the survey, 30 (7.7%) were on second-line ART regimen; 373 (96.8%) had suppressed viral load (<250 copies/ml). The mean CD4 count was 548 cells/ mm3 (SD 234.1) after ≥9 years on treatment regardless of the CD4 group at initiation. Tuberculosis while on ART was diagnosed in 187 (48.5%); 29 (7.6%) had evidence of hepatitis B and 53 (13.9%) of hepatitis C infection.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Appropriate immunological and virological outcomes were seen among patients on ART for ≥9 years. However, for the complete initiating cohort, high mortality was observed, especially in the first year on ART. Concerning co-infections, tuberculosis and viral hepatitis were common among this population. Our results demonstrate that good long-term outcomes are possible even for patients with advanced AIDS at ART initiation.</p></div

CD4 count trend over time for patients still on ART after 9 years or more, Dawei, 2015.

<p>CD4 count trend over time for patients still on ART after 9 years or more, Dawei, 2015.</p